2025
This project analyzed when and why electricity surplus occurs across Nordic bidding zones and how it affects short-term electricity market outcomes. Using an integrated hourly dataset for 2023–2024 combining ENTSO-E market data, system operator records, balancing data, and ERA5 weather information, we examined surplus drivers across Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. Statistical analysis included descriptive comparisons of surplus vs. non-surplus periods, correlation analysis, and zone-level logistic regression models. Results show that surplus is largely wind-driven and increasingly frequent, causing rapid price collapse, higher balancing interventions, and operational stress when export capacity becomes constrained.